WORD FOR WORD TRANSLATION
GP 531 A trewe swynkere and a good was he,
A true worker and a good was he,
GP 532 Lyvynge in pees and parfit charitee.
living in peace and perfect charity.
GP 533 God loved he best with al his hoole herte
God loved he best with all his whole heart
GP 534 At alle tymes, thogh him gamed or smerte,
at all times, though him pleased or pained,
GP 535 And thanne his neighebor right as hymselve.
and then his neighbour right as himself.
GP 536 He wolde thresshe, and therto dyke and delve,
He would thresh, and moreover ditch and dig,
GP 537 For Cristes sake, for every povre wight,
for Christ’s sake, for every poor person,
GP 538 Withouten hire, if it lay in his myght.
without payment, if it lay in his power.
GP 539 His tithes payde he ful faire and wel,
His tithes paid he full pleasantly and well,
GP 540 Bothe of his propre swynk and his catel.
both of his own work and his property.
GP 541 In a tabard he rood upon a mere.
In a tabard he rode upon a mare.
GP 542 Ther was also a REVE, and a MILLERE,
There was also a reeve, and a miller,
GP 543 A SOMNOUR, and a PARDONER also,
a summoner, and a pardoner also,
GP 544 A MAUNCIPLE, and myself -- ther were namo.
a manciple, and myself -- there were no more.
GP 545 The MILLERE was a stout carl for the nones;
The miller was a stout fellow for the purpose;
GP 546 Ful byg he was of brawn, and eek of bones.
very strong he was of muscle, and also of bones.
GP 547 That proved wel, for over al ther he cam,
That proved well, for over all there he came,
GP 548 At wrastlynge he wolde have alwey the ram.
at wrestling he would have always the prize.
GP 549 He was short - sholdred, brood, a thikke knarre;
He was stoutly built, broad, a stout fellow;
GP 550 Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of harre,
there was no door that he would not lift off its hinges,
GP 551 Or breke it at a rennyng with his heed.
or break it at a running with his head.
GP 552 His berd as any sowe or fox was reed,
His beard as any sow or fox was red,
GP 553 And therto brood, as though it were a spade.
And to it broad, as though it was a spade.
GP 554 Upon the cop right of his nose he hade
Upon the tip right of his nose he had
GP 555 A werte, and theron stood a toft of herys,
A wart, and thereon stood a tuft of hairs,
GP 556 Reed as the brustles of a sowes erys;
Red as the bristles of a sow ears;
GP 557 His nosethirles blake were and wyde.
His nostrils black were and wide.
GP 558 A swerd and a bokeler bar he by his syde.
A sword and a buckler bore he by his side.
GP 559 His mouth as greet was as a greet forneys.
His mouth as great was as a great furnace.
GP 560 He was a janglere and a goliardeys,
He was a gossip and a buffoon,
GP 561 And that was moost of synne and harlotries.
And that was most of sin and obscenity.
GP 562 Wel koude he stelen corn and tollen thries;
Well could he steal corn and take away three times;
GP 563 And yet he hadde a thombe of gold, pardee.
And yet he had a grave of gold, indeed.
GP 564 A whit cote and a blew hood wered he.
A white coat and a blue hood wore he.
GP 565 A baggepipe wel koude he blowe and sowne,
A bagpipe well could he blow and up and down,
GP 566 And therwithal he broghte us out of towne.
And with that he brought us out of town.
GP 567 A gentil MAUNCIPLE was ther of a temple,
A noble servant was there of a temple,
GP 568 Of which achatours myghte take exemple
Of which purveyor might take example
GP 569 For to be wise in byynge of vitaille;
For to be wise in buying of supplies;
GP 570 For wheither that he payde or took by taille,
For whether that he paid or took by credit,
GP 571 Algate he wayted so in his achaat
He considered so in his purchase
GP 572 That he was ay biforn, and in good staat.
That he was always in front, and in good state.
GP 573 Now is nat that of God a ful fair grace
Now is not that of God a full fair grace
GP 574 That swich a lewed mannes wit shal pace
That such a lewd man wit shall pace
GP 575 The wisdom of an heep of lerned men?
The wisdom of an heap of learned men?
GP 576 Of maistres hadde he mo than thries ten,
Of masters had he more than three ten,
GP 577 That weren of lawe expert and curious,
That were of law expert and curious,
GP 578 Of which ther were a duszeyne in that hous
Of which there were a dozen in that house
GP 579 Worthy to been stywardes of rente and lond
Worthy to be stewards of rent and land
GP 580 Of any lord that is in Engelond.
Of any lord that is in England.
MODERN TRANSLATION
He was a true and good worker,
living in peace and perfect charity.
He loved God best with all his whole heart
at all times, whether it pleased or pained him,
and then his neighbour right as himself.
He would thresh, and moreover ditch and dig,
for Christ’s sake, for every poor person,
without payment, if it lay in his power.
He paid his tithes full pleasantly and well,
both of his own work and his property.
He rode in a tabard upon a mare.
There was also a reeve, and a miller,
a summoner, and a pardoner also,
a manciple, and myself -- there were no more.
The miller was a stout fellow for the purpose;
very strong he was of muscle, and also of bones.
That proved well, for over all there he came,
at wrestling he would have always the prize.
He was stoutly built, broad, a stout fellow;
there was no door that he would not lift off its hinges,
or break it by running at with his head.
His beard, as any sow or fox, was red,
and broad it was, as if it was a spade.
Upon the right tip of his nose he had
a wart, and thereon stood a tuft of hairs,
Red as the bristles of a sow’s ears;
his nostrils were black and wide.
a sword and a buckler he bore by his side.
His mouth was as great as a furnace.
He was a gossip and a buffoon,
and that was most of his sin and obscenity.
He could well steal corn and take it away three times;
and yet he had a grave of gold, indeed.
He wore a white coat and a blue hood.
A bagpipe he could blow well, up and down,
and with that he brought us out of town.
There was a noble servant of a temple,
of which the purveyor might take example
for to be wise in buying supplies;
for whether he paid or took by credit,
he considered that in his purchase
That he was always ahead, in good state.
Now is that not a sign of God’s own grace
That such a simple person should outpace
The wisdom of a heap of learned men?
For of wise masters he had three times ten,
That were so learned in law, all street-wise
Dozens of which his temple did comprise,
Worthy to be stewards of rent and land
For any lord that dwelt within England.
PHONOLOGICAL TRANSCRIPTION
GP 531 A trewe swynkere and a good was he,
ə trewe swynkere ænd ə go:td waz he:,
GP 532 Lyvynge in pees and parfit charitee.
lyvynge ɪn pees ænd parfit charitee.
GP 533 God loved he best with al his hoole herte
ga:d ləvd he: bɛst wɪθ æl hɪs hul herte
GP 534 At alle tymes, thogh him gamed or smerte,
ət alle tymes, thogh hɪm gamed ər smerte,
GP 535 And thanne his neighebor right as hymselve.
ənd thanne hɪs neighebor rajt æz hymselve.
GP 536 He wolde thresshe, and therto dyke and delve,
he: wolde thresshe, ænd ðertɒ dajk ænd dɛlv,
GP 537 For Cristes sake, for every povre wight,
fɔr cristes sek, fɔr ɛvəri povre wajt,
GP 538 Withouten hire, if it lay in his myght.
withouten hajər, ɪf ɪt le ɪn hɪs might.
GP 539 His tithes payde he ful faire and wel,
hɪs tithes payde he: fʊl fer ænd wel,
GP 540 Bothe of his propre swynk and his catel.
boð ɔv hɪs propre swynk ænd hɪs catel.
GP 541 In a tabard he rood upon a mere
ɪn ə tabard he: rud ʊpɔn ə mɪr.
GP 542 Ther was also a REVE, and a MILLERE,
ther waz ɒlso ə reve, ænd ə millere,
GP 543 A SOMNOUR, and a PARDONER also,
ə somnour, ænd ə pardoner ɒlso,
GP 544 A MAUNCIPLE, and myself -- ther were namo.
ə maʊncɪple, ænd mɑjsɛlf -- ther wɜ:re namo.
GP 545 The MILLERE was a stout carl for the nones;
ðə millere waz ə stawt kɑrl fɔr ðə nones;
GP 546 Ful byg he was of brawn, and eek of bones.
ful byg he: waz ɔv brɒn, ænd eek ɔv bonz.
GP 547 That proved wel, for over al ther he cam,
ðat pruvd wel, fɔr ovər æl ther he: kæm,
GP 548 At wrastlynge he wolde have alwey the ram.
ət wrastlynge he: wolde hæv alwey ðə ræm.
GP 549 He was short - sholdred, brood, a thikke knarre;
he: waz ʃɔrt - sholdred, brud, ə thikke knarre;
GP 550 Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of harre,
ther waz no dɔr ðat he: nold heve ɔv hær,
GP 551 Or breke it at a rennyng with his heed.
ər breke ɪt æt ə rennyng wɪθ hɪs hid.
GP 552 His berd as any sowe or fox was reed
hɪs berd æz eni soʊə ər fa:ks waz re:d
GP 553 And therto brood, as though it were a spade.
ənd ðertɒ brɔ:d æz ðəʊ ɪt wɜ:re ə spæd.
GP 554 Upon the cop right of his nose he hade
ʊpɔn ðə kɒp rɪçt ɔv hɪs nəʊz he: hæd
GP 555 A werte, and theron stood a toft of herys,
ə wɜ:rtə, ænd ðerɒn stɔ:d ə tɒft ɔv heri:s,
GP 556 Reed as the brustles of a sowes erys;
re:d æz ðə brʊstels ɔv ə soʊəs eri:s ;
GP 557 His nosethirles blake were and wyde.
hɪs nəʊzθirtels bla:kə wɜ:re ænd widə.
GP 558 A swerd and a bokeler bar he by his syde.
ə swerd ænd ə bɒkeler bar he: bɪ hɪs sɪdə.
GP 559 His mouth as greet was as a greet forneys.
hɪs moʊθ æz grɛ:t waz æz ə grɛ:t forneis.
GP 560 He was a janglere and a goliardeys,
he: waz ə dʒæŋglerə ænd ə gɒliardeis,
GP 561 And that was moost of synne and harlotries.
ənd ðat waz mɔ:st ɔv sinə ænd harlɒtries.
GP 562 Wel koude he stelen corn and tollen thries;
wel koudə he: stelen kɒrn ænd tɒlən θries;
GP 563 And yet he hadde a thombe of gold, pardee.
ænd jɛt he: hæd ə θɒmbə ɔv gɒld, pardɛ:
GP 564 A whit cote and a blew hood wered he.
ə wɪt kɒtə ænd ə bljʊ hɔ:d wɜ:reð he:
GP 565 A baggepipe wel koude he blowe and sowne,
ə bægpaipə wel koʊdə he: bloʊə ænd soʊnə,
GP 566 And therwithal he broghte us out of towne.
ənd ðerwiðal he: brɔ:tə ʊs aʊt ɔv toʊnə.
GP 567 A gentil MAUNCIPLE was ther of a temple,
ə dʒentɪl maʊncɪple waz ðer ɔv ə templə,
GP 568 Of which achatours myghte take exemple
ɔv hwɪtʃ akatoʊrs migtə ta:ke egzæmplə
GP 569 For to be wise in byynge of vitaille;
fɔr to bi: waiz ɪn bi:nge ɔv vɪtaɪlə;
GP 570 For wheither that he payde or took by taille,
fɔr weɪðər ðat he: paɪdə ɔr tɔ:k bɪ taɪlə,
GP 571 Algate he wayted so in his achaat
algatə he: waited səʊ ɪn hɪs atʃa:t
GP 572 That he was ay biforn, and in good staat.
ðat he: waz ai bɪfɒrn, ænd ɪn go:td sta:t.
GP 573 Now is nat that of God a ful fair grace
naʊ iz næt ðat ɔv ga:d ə fʊl fer greɪs
GP 574 That swich a lewed mannes wit shal pace
ðat swɪch ə leu:d mænns wɪt ʃæl peɪs
GP 575 The wisdom of an heep of lerned men?
ðə wɪzdəm ɔv æn he:p ɔv lʒ:rnəd men
GP 576 Of maistres hadde he mo than thries ten,
ɔv mæsters hæd he: mɔ: ðæn θries ten,
GP 577 That weren of lawe expert and curious,
ðat wʒ:ren ɔv lɔ:w ekspʒ:rt ænd Kjʊriəs,
GP 578 Of which ther were a duszeyne in that hous
ɔv hwɪtʃ ðer wʒ:re ə dʌzeɪnə ɪn ðat haʊs
GP 579 Worthy to been stywardes of rente and lond
wʒ:rði to bɪn stu:ərdəs ɔv rent ænd lond
GP 580 Of any lord that is in Engelond,
ɔv eni lɔ:rd ðat iz ɪn ɪngelond,
METRICAL ANALYSIS
GP 531: A / trewe // swyn / ke // re / and // a / good // was / he, 10 syllables
GP 532: Ly/ vynge // in / pees // and / par//fit / cha // ri / tee. 10 syllables
GP 533: God / lov // ed / he // best / with // al / his // hoole / herte 10 syllables
GP 534: At / alle // tymes /, thogh // him / gam / ed // or / s /merte,-- 10 syllables
GP 535: And / thane // his / neigh // e / bor // right / as // hym / selve. 10 syllables
GP 536: He / wolde // thres / she, // and / ther // to / dyke // and /delve, -- 10 syllables
GP 537: For / Cris // tes / sake // for / e // ve / ry // povre / wight, -- 10 syllables
GP 538: With /out // en / hire //, if / it // lay / in // his / myght. 10 syllables
GP 539: His / ti // thes / pay // de / he // ful // faire // and / wel, -- 10 syllables
GP 540: Bothe / of // his / pro // pre / swynk // and / his // ca / tel. 10 syllables
GP 541: In / a // ta / bard // he / rood // u / pon // a / mere. 10 syllables
GP 542: Ther / was // al / so // a / REVE //, and / a // MIL / LERE, 10 syllables
GP 543: A / SOM // NOUR, / and // a / PAR // DO / NER // al / so, 10 syllables
GP 544: A / MAUN // CIPLE/, and // my / self // -- ther / were // na / mo…-10 syllables
GP 545: The / MIL // LERE / was // a / stout // carl / for // the / nones; 10 syllables
GP 546: Ful / byg // he / was // of / brawn //, and / eek // of / bones. 10 syllables
GP 547: That / prov // ed / wel //, for / over // al / ther // he / cam, 10 syllables
GP 548: At / wrast // lynge / he // wolde / have // al / wey // the / ram. 10 syllables
GP 549: He / was // short / - shol // dred /, brood //, a / thik // ke / knarre; 10 syllables
GP 550: Ther / was // no / dore // that / he // nolde / heve // of / harre, 10 syllables
GP 551: Or / breke // it / at // a / ren // nyng / with // his / heed. 10 syllables
GP 552 His / berd // as / a // ny / sowe // or / fox // was / reed 10 syllables
GP 553 And / ther // to / brood // as / though// it/ were // a / spade. 10 syllables
GP 554 U / pon // the / cop // right / of // his / nose // he / hade 10 syllables
GP 555 A / werte // and / ther // on / stood // a / toft // of / herys 10 syllables
GP 556 Reed / as // the / brus // tles / of // a / sowes // e / rys 10 syllables
GP 557 His / nose // thir / les // bla / ke // were / and // wy / de. 10 syllables
GP 558 Aswerd / and / a / bo / ke / ler / bar / he / by / his / syde. 11 syllables
GP 559 His / mouth // as / greet // was / as // a / greet // for / neys. 10 syllables
GP 560 He / was // a / jan // glere / and // a / go // liar / deys, 10 syllables
GP 561 And / that // was / moost // of / synne // and / har // lo / tries. 10 syllables
GP 562 Wel / koude // he / ste/ / len / corn // and / to // llen / thries; 10 syllables
GP 563 And / yet/ / he / hadde // a / thombe // of / gold // par / dee. 10 syllables
GP 564 A / whit // cote / and // a / blew // hood / we // red / he. 10 syllables
GP 565 A / bagge/ / pi / pe // wel / koude // he / blowe // and / sowne, 10 syllables
GP 566 And / ther // with / al // he / broghte // us / out // of / towne. 10 syllables
GP 567 A / gen / til / MAUN / CI / PLE / was / ther / of / a / temple, 11 syllables
GP 568 Of / which // a / cha // tours / myghte // ta / ke // e / xemple 10 syllables
GP 569 For / to // be / wise // in / byyn // ge / of // vi / taille; 10 syllables
GP 570 For / whei // ther / that // he / payde // or / took // by / taille, 10 syllables
GP 571 Al / gate // he / way // ted / so // in / his // a / chaat 10 syllables
GP 572 That / he // was / ay // bi / forn // and / in // good / staat. 10 syllables
GP 573 Now / is // nat / that // of / God // a / ful // fair / grac(e) 10 syllables
GP 574 That / swich // a / lew // ed / man // nes / wit // shal / 10 Syllables
GP 575 The / wis// dom / of // an / heep // of / ler // ned / men? 10 syllables
GP 576 Of / mais // tres / had // d(e) / he // mo / than // thries / ten, 10 syllables
GP 577 That / we // ren / of // law(e) / ex // pert / and // cu / rious, 10 syllables
GP 578 Of / whiCh // ther / wer(e) // a / dus // zeyn(e) / in // that / hous 10 syllables
GP 579 Wor / thy // to / been // sty / ward(e)s // of / rent(e) // and / lond 10 syllables
GP 580 Of / a // ny / lord // that / is // in / En // g(e) / lond 10 syllables
Peeking at the Middle English version in the text, it was seen that there is a rhyme scheme evident. Chaucer employs an AABB rhyme and an iambic ten-syllable per line scheme to set the rhythm (iambic pentameter). This unit of rhyming is said to be a “foot” containing an unstressed syllable (x) followed by a stressed sybllable (/) – x /, which is called an iamb, and there are five of these in a line of verse. Therefore a regular iambic pentameter line contains ten syllables of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables x/ /x / x / x / x / (de-DUM). Lines of verse are not always absolutely regular, but with this patten in mind, we have plenty of evidence in Chaucer’s verse about the number of syllables in words, and their pronunciation and stress patterns.
According to Chaucer, some final (-e) suffixes were pronounced, and some were not. Remember that a final (–e) before a word beggining with a vowel or (h-) is elided, and not pronounced.
He uses decasyllabic rhyming couplets, with some variation. They also tend to form part of an ongoing sequence of forward movement and they tend to be incomplete, not end-stopped to contribute to the narrative energy of the poem. Some lines follow a closely parallel structure in terms of their grammar/syntax. Rhyming words may be the same part of speech and there is internal rhyme too. There are also important rhetorical effects (lines 575-577). If we pay attention to the language, we can notice the combination of familiar phrases and more learned, even courtly references. Fillers and other techniques are used to create flexible rhyme. Optional use of the final –e, wide vocabulary, variety of exclamations, etc.
The challenge of the author was to compose a story using these parameters. Chaucer attempts to describe each character in a realistic, humanistic manner, and he succeeds in doing so. He had a great perspective from the Middle class from which he was born into, and in the stories, he presents the troubadour tradition with irony and sarcasm.
<http://www.teachit.co.uk/attachments/9148.pdf > 31st March 2009 0:02
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